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| Notes | Sample sentences from "Expression for time in the Thai Verb
and its Application to Thai-English Machine Translation" by Nitaya Kanchanawan, PhD Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, December, 1978. |
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เขายังไม่นอน khaoR yangM maiF naawnM"He still does not sleep." |
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เขาจะสบายkhaoR jaL saL baaiM"He will be happy." |
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คนดีย่อมประพฤติดีkhohnM deeM yaawmF bpraL phreutH deeM"A good man naturally behaves well." |
เขานอนเสมอkhaoR naawnM saL muuhrR"He always sleeps." |
เขาทำงานkhaoR thamM ngaanM"He works. He worked. He will work." |
เขานอนอยู่แล้วkhaoR naawnM yuuL laaeoH"He is sleeping. He went to bed already." |
เขาได้นอนแล้วkhaoR daiF naawnM laaeoH"He has slept. He has gone to sleep already." |
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เขานอนแล้วkhaoR naawnM laaeoH"He has slept." "He is sleeping." "He has fallen asleep already." |
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วันนี้ฉันกำลังกินข้าวแล้วwanM neeH chanR gamM langM ginM khaaoF laaeoH"Yesterday I was eating rice." [??? ] ("Today I have already begun to eat.")." |
เขาจะกำลังเกี่ยวข้าวแล้วkhaoR jaL gamM langM giaaoL khaaoF laaeoH"They will be gathering rice today." [???]"They will have already begun to harvest rice." |
เดือนหน้าเขากำลังเกี่ยวข้าวแล้วdeuuanM naaF khaoR gamM langM giaaoL khaaoF laaeoH"Next month he will be gathering rice." ("Next month he will begin harvesting rice already.")" |
เดี๋ยวนี้เขาได้ทำงานdiaaoR neeH khaoR daiF thamM ngaanM"Now he gets to work." ("He has just now gotten to work.)" |
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ฉันหิวแล้วตอนนี้chanR hiuR laaeoH dtaawnM neeH"I am hungry now." ("I am already hungry at this time.")" |
แตงไปเชียงใหม่แล้วdtaaengM bpaiM chiiangM maiL laaeoH"Daeng has gone to Chiangmai." ("Daeng has already gone to Chiangmai.")" |
คนไข้คนนั้นจวนตายแล้วkhohnM khaiF khohnM nanH juaanM dtaaiM laaeoH"That patient is on the verge of dying." |
แตงไปเชียงใหม่เมื่อคืนก่อนdtaaengM bpaiM chiiangM maiL meuuaF kheuunM gaawnL"Daeng went to Chiangmai last night." ("Daeng went to Chiangmai the night before.)" |
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เขากำลังชอบอาหารไทยkhaoR gamM langM chaawpF aaM haanR thaiM"He is liking Thai food. At this time, he likes (to eat) Thai food." |
ดูนั้นนะ ผู้หญิงคนนั้นกำลังสวยทีเดียวduuM nanH naH phuuF yingR khohnM nanH gamM langM suayR theeM diaaoM"Look at that! That woman is quite in the prime of her beauty." ("Look a that woman over there. She is quite a beauty.") |
เขาจะเคยกินอาหารจีนแน่พรุ่งนี้khaoR jaL kheeuyM ginM aaM haanR jeenM naaeF phroongF neeH"(If he has never eaten Chinese food,) he will surely experience eating it tomorrow (because he has already accepted my invitation to a Chinese restaurant.)" ("By tomorrow, he will certainly already have eaten Chinese food." |
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เขาหุงข้าวกินทุกวันkhaoR hoongR khaaoF ginM thookH wanM"He cooks rice in order to eat it every day." |
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| เขากินข้าวไม่ได้ | khaoR ginM khaaoF maiF daiF | He cannot eat rice. |
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| เขารักแม่ไม่ยิ่งนัก | khaoR rakH maaeF maiF yingF nakH | [erroneous] |
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เขารักแม่ไม่มากkhaoR rakH maaeF maiF maakF"He loves his mother but not much." ("He doesn’t love his mother very much.") |
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เขามองหอนาฬิกาkhaoR maawngM haawR naaM liH gaaM"He looks/looked/will look at the clock tower." |
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เขามองหอนาฬิกาเห็นkhaoR maawngM haawR naaM liH gaaM henR"He looked at the clock tower and achieved seeing it." ("He was able to see the clock tower.") |
เขามองหอนาฬิกาไม่เห็นkhaoR maawngM haawR naaM liH gaaM maiF henR"He looked at the clock tower but did not see it." ("He wasn’t able to see the clock tower.") |
เขาอ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นจบkhaoR aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH johpL"He has read that book." ("He finished reading that book.") |
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เขาเขียนจดหมายเสร็จkhaoR khiianR johtL maaiR setL"He has written a letter." ("He finished writing the letter.") |
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เขาอ่านหนังสือโบราณเล่มนั้นจบสิบหน้าkhaoR aanL nangR seuuR bo:hM raanM lemF nanH johpL sipL naaF"He read ten pages of that ancient book." ("He finished reading ten pages of that ancient book.") |
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เขาอ่านหนังสือโบราณพวกนั้นเสร็จสองชั้นkhaoR aanL nangR seuuR bo:hM raanM phuaakF nanH setL saawngR chanH"There is a group of ancient books; he finished reading two shelves." ("He finished reading two shelves of that group of ancient books.")" |
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เขาคงจะรักแม่มากkhaoR khohngM jaL rakH maaeF maakF"He probably loves him mother very much." "He probably loved his mother very much." "He will probably love his mother very much." |
เขาจบการศึกษาkhaoR johpL gaanM seukL saaR"He graduated." ("He completed his education.")" |
เขาสำเร็จการศึกษาkhaoR samR retL gaanM seukL saaR"He graduated." ("He achieved success in his education.")" |
งานของเขาเสร็จngaanM khaawngR khaoR setL"His work was finished." ("His work finished." "He completed his work.")" |
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ร้องไห้ไปทำไม ไม่มีประโยชน์raawngH haiF bpaiM thamM maiM maiF meeM bpraL yo:htL"Why are you crying? It’s not worth it." ("Why are you crying? It does no good.") |
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ผู้หญิงคนนั้นสวยแน่พรุ่งนี้phuuF yingR khohnM nanH suayR naaeF phroongF neeH"That women will surely be beautiful tomorrow (after the plastic surgery)." |
คนไข้คนนั้นคงตายพรุ่งนี้khohnM khaiF khohnM nanH khohngM dtaaiM phroongF neeH"That patient will probably die tomorrow (because he is in a coma now.)" |
ปีก่อนบริษัทได้ประกาศขึ้นราคาน้ำมันbpeeM gaawnL baawM riH satL daiF bpraL gaatL kheunF raaM khaaM namH manM"Last year the company announced the rise of gas prices." ("Last year the company announced an increase in gasoline prices.") |
ปีหน้าบริษัทจะประกาศขึ้นราคาน้ำมันbpeeM naaF baawM riH satL jaL bpraL gaatL kheunF raaM khaaM namH manM"Next year the company will announce the rise of gas prices." ("Next year the company will announce an increase in gasoline prices.") |
ปีก่อนบริษัทประกาศขึ้นราคาน้ำมันได้bpeeM gaawnL baawM riH satL bpraL gaatL kheunF raaM khaaM namH manM daiF"Last year the company was able to announce the rise of gas prices." "(Last year the company was able to announce an increase in gasoline prices.") |
ปีหน้าบริษัทได้ประกาศขึ้นราคาน้ำมันแน่bpeeM naaF baawM riH satL daiF bpraL gaatL kheunF raaM khaaM namH manM naaeF"Next year the company will surely (have an opportunity) to announce the rise of gas prices." ("Next year the company will surely announce an increase in gasoline prices.") |
ปีหน้าบริษัทประกาศขึ้นราคาน้ำมันได้แน่bpeeM naaF baawM riH satL bpraL gaatL kheunF raaM khaaM namH manM daiF naaeF"Next year the company will surely be able to announce the rise of gas prices." |
เขาจะเคยกินอาหารจีนแน่พรุ่งนี้khaoR jaL kheeuyM ginM aaM haanR jeenM naaeF phroongF neeH"(If he has never eaten Chinese food), he will surely experience eating it tomorrow (because he as accepted my invitation to a Chinese restaurant)." |
พรุ่งนี้แม่คงจะอบเค้กไว้phroongF neeH maaeF khohngM jaL ohpL khekH waiH"Tomorrow Mother will probably bake cake (for the party)." |
เมื่อวานนี้เขาพึ่งอ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นmeuuaF waanM neeH khaoR pheungF aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH"Yesterday he had just started reading that book (when she came)." ("Yesterday he had just read that book (when she came).") |
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ปีก่อนผู้หญิงคนนั้นพึ่งสวยbpeeM gaawnL phuuF yingR khohnM nanH pheungF suayR"Last year that woman had just been beautiful (before she entered the beauty contest)." |
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พรุ่งนี้เขาคงจะพึ่งอ่านหนังสือphroongF neeH khaoR khohngM jaL pheungF aanL nangR seuuR"Tomorrow he will probably have just started reading that book (when she came)." "Tomorrow he will probably have just read that book (when she comes.") |
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เมื่อวานนี้คนไข้คนนั้นจะตายmeuuaF waanM neeH khohnM khaiF khohnM nanH jaL dtaaiM"Yesterday that person would have died (if the doctor had not come)." |
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ปีก่อนผู้หญิงคนนั้นกำลังสวยอยู่bpeeM gaawnL phuuF yingR khohnM nanH gamM langM suayR yuuL"Last year that woman was in the prime of her beauty (when she entered the beauty contest)." |
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ปีก่อนผู้หญิงคนนั้นสวยอยู่bpeeM gaawnL phuuF yingR khohnM nanH suayR yuuL"Last year that woman was beautiful. (What happened?)" "Last year that woman was in the prime of her beauty (when she entered the beauty contest)." |
เมื่อวานนี้ไฟดับอยู่meuuaF waanM neeH faiM dapL yuuL"Yesterday the light was out." ("Yesterday while the light was out (she came). During the day yesterday the electric system was out.")" |
เมื่อวานนี้เขาอ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นอยู่สามชั่วโมงmeuuaF waanM neeH khaoR aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH yuuL saamR chuaaF mo:hngM"Yesterday he was reading that book for three hours." "Yesterday he had been reading that book for three hours (before he took the exam)." |
เมื่อวานนี้เขาอ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นอยู่สิบหน้าmeuuaF waanM neeH khaoR aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH yuuL sipL naaF"Yesterday he was reading ten pages of that book." "Yesterday he had been reading ten pages of that book (before he took the exam)." |
ปีก่อนเขารักผู้หญิงคนนั้นอยู่สามเดือนbpeeM gaawnL khaoR rakH phuuF yingR khohnM nanH yuuL saamR deuuanM"Last year he was in love with that woman for three months." "Last year he had been in love with that woman for three months (before he left her)." |
เมื่อวานนี้ไฟดับอยู่สามชั่วโมงmeuuaF waanM neeH faiM dapL yuuL saamR chuaaF mo:hngM"Yesterday the light was out for three hours." "Yesterday the light had been out for three hours (before it came back)." |
เขาอ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นเสร็จเมื่อวานkhaoR aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH setL meuuaF waanM"He finished reading that book yesterday." "He had read that book yesterday (before she came)." |
เขาอ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นเสร็จสิบหน้าkhaoR aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH setL sipL naaF"He finished reading ten pages of that book yesterday." "He had read ten pages of that book yesterday (before she came)." |
เขาอ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นเสร็จแน่khaoR aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH setL naaeF"He will surely finish reading that book tomorrow." "He will surely have read that book tomorrow (before he takes the exam)." |
เขาอ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นเสร็จสิบหน้าแน่พรุ่งนี้khaoR aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH setL sipL naaF naaeF phroongF neeH"He will surely finish reading ten pages of that book tomorrow." "He will surely have read ten pages of that book tomorrow (before he takes the exam)." |
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เขาตายแล้วเมื่อวานนี้khaoR dtaaiM laaeoH meuuaF waanM neeH"He died yesterday." "He was dead yesterday." "He had already been dead yesterday." "He had already died yesterday." |
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เขาตายแล้วสามชั่วโมงเมื่อวานนี้khaoR dtaaiM laaeoH saamR chuaaF mo:hngM meuuaF waanM neeH"He had already been dead for three hours yesterday (when we arrived)." "He had already died for three hours yesterday (when we arrived)." |
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ปีก่อนเขาเคยอ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นอยู่สามชั่วโมงbpeeM gaawnL khaoR kheeuyM aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH yuuL saamR chuaaF mo:hngM"Last year he read that book for three hours." "Last year he had read that book for three hours (before he took the exam)." |
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พรุ่งนี้เขาจะได้อ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นอยู่สิบหน้าphroongF neeH khaoR jaL daiF aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH yuuL sipL naaF"Tomorrow he will read ten pages of that book." "Tomorrow he will have read ten pages of that book (before he takes the exam)." |
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พรุ่งนี้เขาจะอ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นอยู่phroongF neeH khaoR jaL aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH yuuL"Tomorrow he will read that book. Tomorrow he will be reading that book (when she comes)." |
พรุ่งนี้เขาจะอ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นอยู่สามชั่วโมงphroongF neeH khaoR jaL aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH yuuL saamR chuaaF mo:hngM"Tomorrow he will be reading that book for three hours." "Tomorrow he will have read that book for three hours (before he takes the exam)." |
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เมื่อวานนี้เขาจะอ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นอยู่meuuaF waanM neeH khaoR jaL aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH yuuL"Yesterday he would have read that book (if he had time)." "Yesterday he would have been reading that book (when she came)." |
เมื่อวานนี้เขาได้อ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นจบmeuuaF waanM neeH khaoR daiF aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH johpL"Yesterday he had read that book (before she came). (He had the opportunity to do so.)" ("Yesterday he finished reading that book.")" |
ปีก่อนเขาเคยอ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นจบbpeeM gaawnL khaoR kheeuyM aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH johpL"Last year he had read that book (before he took the exam). (He had an experience doing so.)" |
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พรุ่งนี้เขาจะเคยอ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นจบแน่phroongF neeH khaoR jaL kheeuyM aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH johpL naaeF"Tomorrow he will surely have read that book (before he takes the exam). (He will experience finishing reading it.)" |
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เมื่อวานนี้เขาได้อ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นแล้วmeuuaF waanM neeH khaoR daiF aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH laaeoH"Yesterday he read that book. Yesterday he had read the book (before he took the exam). (He had an opportunity to do so.)" |
ปีก่อนเขาเคยอ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นแล้วbpeeM gaawnL khaoR kheeuyM aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH laaeoH"Last year he read that book. Last year he had read that book (before he took the exam). (He had an experience doing so.)" |
เมื่อวานนี้แม่อบเค้กไว้แล้วmeuuaF waanM neeH maaeF ohpL khekH waiH laaeoH"Yesterday Mother baked cake (for the party)." "Yesterday Mother baked cake (for the party before she went out)." |
เมื่อวานนี้เขาได้อ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นแล้วสามหน้าmeuuaF waanM neeH khaoR daiF aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH laaeoH saamR naaF"Yesterday he read three pages of that book." "Yesterday he had read three pages of that book (before he took the exam)." |
สัปดาห์ก่อนเขาเคยอ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นแล้วสามชั่วโมงsapL daaM gaawnL khaoR kheeuyM aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH laaeoH saamR chuaaF mo:hngM"Last week he read that book for three hours." "Last week he had read that book for three hours (before he took the exam)." |
เมื่อวานนี้แม่อบเค้กไว้แล้วสามชนิดmeuuaF waanM neeH maaeF ohpL khekH waiH laaeoH saamR chaH nitH"Yesterday Mother baked three kinds of cake (for the party)." "Yesterday Mother had baked three kinds of cake (for the party before she went out)." |
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พรุ่งนี้เขาได้อ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นแล้วphroongF neeH khaoR daiF aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH laaeoH"Tomorrow he will read that book. Tomorrow he will have read that book (before he takes the exam)." |
พรุ่งนี้เขาจะเคยกินอาหารจีนแล้วphroongF neeH khaoR jaL kheeuyM ginM aaM haanR jeenM laaeoH"Tomorrow he will experience eating Chinese food." "Tomorrow he will have eaten Chinese food (before he goes home)." |
พรุ่งนี้แม่จะอบเค้กไว้แล้วphroongF neeH maaeF jaL ohpL khekH waiH laaeoH"Tomorrow Mother will bake cake (for the party)." "Tomorrow Mother will have baked cake (for the party before she goes out)." |
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พรุ่งนี้แม่จะอบเค้กไว้แล้วสามชนิดแน่phroongF neeH maaeF jaL ohpL khekH waiH laaeoH saamR chaH nitH naaeF"Tomorrow Mother will surely have baked three kinds of cake (before she goes out)." |
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เขาจะอ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นมาตั้งแต่เมื่อวานนี้khaoR jaL aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH maaM dtangF dtaaeL meuuaF waanM neeH"He would have read that book since yesterday (if she had not disturbed him)." "He would have been reading that book since yesterday (if she had not disturbed him)." |
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เขารักแม่มากkhaoR rakH maaeF maakF"He loves Mother very much." |
เขาตายเมื่อวานนี้khaoR dtaaiM meuuaF waanM neeH"He died yesterday." "He was dead yesterday." |
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เขารักแม่เสมอkhaoR rakH maaeF saL muuhrR"He always loves Mother." |
เมืองนี้ไฟดับบ่อย ๆmeuuangM neeH faiM dapL baawyL"In this town the light is frequently out." |
บริษัทได้ประกาศขึ้นราคาน้ำมันbaawM riH satL daiF bpraL gaatL kheunF raaM khaaM namH manM"The company has announced the rise of gas prices. (The company had an opportunity to do so.)" |
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แม่อบเค้กไว้maaeF ohpL khekH waiH"Mother has baked a cake (for the party)." |
เขาพึ่งอ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นkhaoR pheungF aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH"He has just started reading that book." "He has just read that book." |
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ฉันทำได้chanR thamM daiF"I can do it. (I have the ability to do so.)" |
คุณไปได้khoonM bpaiM daiF"You may go. (You have permission to do so.)" |
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ไฟดับอยู่สามชั่วโมงfaiM dapL yuuL saamR chuaaF mo:hngM"The light has been out for three hours." ("The electricity has been out for three hours")." |
เขาอ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นจบkhaoR aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH johpL"He has read that book." ("He has finished reading that book.")" |
เขาอ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นแล้วkhaoR aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH laaeoH"He is reading that book." "He has read (some of) that book." "He has already read that book." |
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เขาตายแล้วkhaoR dtaaiM laaeoH"He has died." "He is dead." |
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เขาตายแล้วสามชั่วโมงkhaoR dtaaiM laaeoH saamR chuaaF mo:hngM"He has been dead for three hours." "He has died for three hours. (???)." |
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เขาวิ่งมาอย่างรวดเร็วkhaoR wingF maaM yaangL ruaatF reoM"He has run rapidly." "He has been running rapidly." |
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เขาวิ่งไปอย่างรวดเร็วkhaoR wingF bpaiM yaangL ruaatF reoM"He has run rapidly." "He has been running rapidly." |
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คนดีย่อมประพฤติดีkhohnM deeM yaawmF bpraL phreutH deeM"A good man naturally behaves well." |
เด็กดีย่อมรักพ่อแม่dekL deeM yaawmF rakH phaawF maaeF"Good children naturally love their parents." |
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เขากำลังจะอ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นอยู่khaoR gamM langM jaL aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH yuuL"He is going to read that book. (He is in the process of having a potential to do so.)" |
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เขาพึ่งอ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นจบkhaoR pheungF aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH johpL"He has just finished reading that book." "He has just read that book." |
เขาจะอ่านหนังสือเล่มนั้นจบkhaoR jaL aanL nangR seuuR lemF nanH johpL"He will finished reading that book." (???) ("He will finish reading that book.")" |
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